高分子化合物，简称高分子，又叫大分子，一般指相对分子质量高达几千到几百万的化合物，绝大多数高分子化合物是许多相对分子质量不同的同系物的混合物，因此高分子化合物的相对分子质量是平均相对分子量。以下是小编为大家收集的托福如何得高分精选五篇，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
托福如何得高分1
独立口语如何得高分?评分标准中找关键
独立口语4分满分得分评价
TOEFL IBT Speaking Scoring Rubric
Independent Tasks (Questions 1 and 2)
Score：4
General Description:
The response fulfills the demands of the task, with at most minor lapses in completeness. It is highly intelligible and exhibits sustained, coherent discourse. A response at this level is characterized by all of the following.(具体三点拆分在下面的三项技巧中)
分析：很多人认为，独立任务题的4分，相对而言比后面的4题要容易拿到，因为可控的因素多，从而理所当然的认为：“独立任务更加简单，背诵答案、机经就可以了。”这种想法是错误的。大家必须知道：
三大口语题型权重并列，就出题者而言，六道题并没有难易之分。
而独立任务题，难就难在 “可控因素”上面。在不知道考官到底想听什么，一气儿乱答的情况下，就造就了屡考屡败的窘迫局面。
提分关键：完成口语任务——语言内容
45秒考生的语言陈述，是否能够完成任务要求，是决定满分与否的基本条件，诚然，ETS并不要求我们严格遵循45秒要求，毕竟人不是机器。45秒内，是否能够完整回答题目提出的问题是关键。
说满45秒——语言形式
无论考生是否完成了任务能够把45秒钟时间说满(最多留3秒空白)的形式类似于写作对字数的要求，这一点大家必须铭记于心。
说满时间的同时，语言表达的连贯性(语言形式要求)也是对于满分答案的基本要求。
一. 发音
Delivery:
Generally well-paced flow (fluid expression). Speech is clear. It may include minor lapses, or minor difficulties with pronunciation or intonation patterns, which do not affect intelligibility。
本项得分考察的是对于语言形式的要求：
口语语言传递(delivery)形式，即发音要求。需要强调的是，此处ETS要求的是发音(Pronunciation)本身，无关口音。
发音技巧
1)节奏、停顿适当，不要语速那么快，130words/min的基本语速是可以接受的
2)发音清晰：元音饱满，辅音清晰。容忍适当的语音错误，只要不影响理解。
3)语调表意：此处指升调和降调，适当的升调降调表达，必然为具体内容表达增添光彩，没有重读，没有语调的答案和满分无缘(哪怕语调运用不太正确，也必须具有抑扬顿挫)。
二. 语言运用
Language Use:
The response demonstrates effective use of grammar and vocabulary.
It exhibits a fairly high degree of automaticity with good control of basic and complex structures (as appropriate).
Some minor (or systemic) errors are noticeable but do not obscure meaning。
本项考察的是对于考生语言使用(形式和内容)的综合状况
语言运用提分技巧：
1)语法和词汇运用的“正确性”把握。
就语法和词汇在实际考试的运用而言，使用“正确的词”和“正确地用词”是同样重要的两个方面。考试或者平时练习实际操作(限时说话的时候)说你能说的东西，比说你想说的东西更加重要。中国学生语法的常见错误，就是时态表达，综合使用陈述的时候，需依据内容使用不止一个时态，是得到4分的要求之一。
2)就句型结构而言，“可控地”综合使用基本句子结构和复杂句子结构是满分的进一步要求，让我们一起来看下下面这个满分例子。
“My favorite movie is Amelia for two reasons. First, I have always wanted to go to France and Amelie was filmed in France. I am studying French and I love the sound of the language. I also think Paris is romantic and I want to go to the Louvre. Secondly, Amelie had very good directing. The way the director moved the camera made the movie exciting. So, for these reasons, Amelie is my favorite movie。”(75 words)
简单75个字，综合了复杂句和简单句，四种时态正确运用，逻辑结构分明，细节明显有效，满分范本。
三. 话题展开
Topic Development:
Response is sustained and sufficient to the task. It is generally well developed and coherent; relationships between ideas are clear (or clear progression of ideas)。
话题展开，评测的是考生的语言形式要求。很多人认为这是逻辑要求，其实不然和写作类似(甚至弱于写作)，此处话题的展开，更多的是语言形式的逻辑，也就是所谓Progression of ideas。
话题展开提分技巧：
，话题展开的部分评测是彻头彻尾的语言形式结构考察，在准备自己的答案和平时说话练习时，请密切把握如下基本标志词，以及其对应的内容，只有从形式上把握好结构，才能够真正实现话题的展开：
最后作为总结，再次强调一下独立任务的提分要诀：
1. 回答必须完成任务，是独立任务的关键，这也是限时说话的意义所在;
2. 回答必须具有清晰(clear)而确定(defined)的语言结构;
3. 回答必须有具体的细节;
4. 回答必须清晰而连贯，保持清晰连贯下的发音或语法错误可以容忍;
5. 回答展现英语语法和词汇的牢固(solid)把握，即使出现错误，亦不可影响实际意义的表达。
请记住，一定要在独立任务当中，说自己能说的话，考官想听的话，而不是机经答案里准备的话、考前死记硬背或者临场发挥高大上的话。
托福口语范文：优秀领导者必备个性特征
托福口语真题题目：
208月21日托福独立口语Task 2：
do you agree or disagree that to be a successful businessman, you have to have characteristics like being outgoing or friendly, etc.?
Task 2
Do you agree or disagree with following statement? If you want to succeed in business being outgoing and friendly is very important.
年8月21日托福口语真题Task2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: For the success of business, it is important to be friendly and outgoing.
托福口语模板及参考答案：
托福口语参考答案一:
2016年8月21日托福独立口语答案Task 2
I do agree with the statement. Coz first, in workplace, those personality traits help to build up a good relation with others, like your clients, business partners, and employees, which means efficiency and sometime potential business opportunities; but if a person is too introverted, arrogant or bossy, others may feel discouraged to exchange ideas with him, that will lead to misunderstandings and even a strained relationship; second, those features also help to maintain a happy and harmonious family atmosphere, successful businessmen are usually very busy, so they should be more patient, caring and outgoing when dealing with family members who they love the most; a happy family life is just the precondition for a successful business career.
托福口语参考答案二:
Personally, I totally agree with this statement and business people should be sociable and laid-back. For whatever business people like, marketing manager, sales manager, and even Chief Executive Officer, they need to be friendly. since it can broaden their social connection. Sociable business people attend many social activities, like marketing events, expositions, charitable activities. Thus, they can get to know more business partners and potential clients. Additionally, social people tend to break the ice and build rapport easily, and therefore, it is more likely for them to close business deal.(济南新东方 孟炎)
托福口语参考答案三:
Sample answer:
I would support the statement by the following points.
Firstly, business is partially about interacting with people, in which interpersonal skill plays a real critical role. For a negotiation between two firms, the process of getting to know each other’s needs is on the top of the list. In order to get to that point, the languages and behaviors the head of the firm use matter a lot to show its kindness and respect to the counterpart. Being friendly and out going is one of the keys during the whole process.
Secondly, for the harmonious phenomenon in the firm. You personality, to some extent, substantially affects the connections among these departments, like the manufacturing department and marketing. If the leader uses his charm in getting two of the departments cooperate in a project. Chances are high for the firm to succeed.
托福口语范文：儿童青年和成年期哪个阶段更难
2016年8月21日托福独立口语Task 1：
Which period do you think is most challenging: childhood, teenager or adulthood?
Task 1
Which of the following period do you think is the most difficult one: childhood, teen period and adulthood.
Task1
Which of the following period of life do you think is the hardest?
Childhood, teenager, adulthood.
托福口语模板及参考答案：
托福口语参考答案一:
I would say the toughest period during one"s life is adulthood. Not like the childhood, we are pursuing our degrees in universities or already doing a job to make a living. In school, we are constantly under lots of pressure, we have to finish the assignments like problem sets, presentations, research papers. After graduation, we have to fulfill all kinds of responsibilities as a professional. On the other hand, being a child or an adolescent is much easier, they just have fun and do not have to worry about anything.
托福口语参考答案二:
2016年8月21日托福口语真题答案解析
Sample answer:
Life gets harder as you grow. It is when I started to make a living by myself that my awareness of the pressing status arouses. All concerning of life is coming like a torrent overwhelming my head. I was totally at a loss about handling these issues.
Little did I know, that money comes from hard work, which is unknown to me when I actually got every cent from my parents during school time. Now, I have to learn the ways of standing up to life.
托福口语参考答案三:
2016年8月21日托福独立口语答案Task 1
I think adulthood is the most difficult period in one’s life. First,children and teenagers’ major tasks are to have fun and learn well in school. Those are basically all they need to fulfill. But for adults, they have to shoulder more responsibilities. For example, they need to make money to support their family, spend time to educate kids while take care of their aging parents at the same time. They also have to compete fiercely in workplace for promotion or a pay rise. Thus, they have little time for themselves. Especially in the cosmopolitan cities like Beijing, where the living standards areexorbitant, and
the living pressure for adults is overwhelming.
托福如何得高分2
托福写作高分怎么训练
I 准确的句子表达
1. 句型分析
英语的句型包括以下几种，简单句、复合句、并列句、并列复合句等。在新托福写作中，一般使用复合句，辅以并列句和并列复合句，当然肯定要有简单句，做到长短句相结合。下面摘抄几个句子给大家认识并分析一下复合句和并列复合句。
a. Even though I usually know what I have to say, I cannot always express myself correctly in English.
这句话是一个复合句，由even though引导的让步状语从句。
b. This challenges me to practice my spoken English, with the result that I can complete the speaking tasks more fluently and quickly.
这句话中是一个复合句。with介词结构中，有一个that引导的同位语从句对result进行解释说明。
c. I think this is less than ideal because any differences in opinion become personal conflicts, and therefore that might jeopardize the employee’s job.
上句话是一个并列复杂句。and 连接了两个句子，是一个并列句;because引导的原因状语从句。
d. Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thinking skills, and such writing, which is often described as “sophomoric”, receives low mark.
这句话同样是并列复杂句。由and连接两个句子，成为并列句，再一个which引导的定语从句。
2. 有问题的句子的列举
考生写的句子容易出现三个问题：一是使用破碎句，二是使用接连句，三是句子连接不正确。
1). 破碎句
所谓破碎句，就是句子不完整，通常是没有谓语(或者说谓语是动词的非谓语形式，如分词)，或者是从句单独成句。
破碎句：She singing alone. (无谓语，singing是现在分词)
正确句：She is singing alone.
破碎句：He did not come. Because he was sick. (从句单独成句)
正确句：He did not come because he was sick.
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：如何当好家长?
托福写作难点话题一览
What makes a good parent?
What are some of the qualities of a good parent? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer.
写作思路展开结构分析
这道题目很多同学可能会有点懵，毕竟绝大部分考托福的考生应该都还没有当家长的经验。不过大家也有很好的参考对象，想想自己从父母身上学到了哪些优秀的品质，应该就会知道如何展开了。
本话题高分范文赏析
Being a parent is the oldest job in existence. Even in the time of the cavemen, it was important to be a good parent. What it means to be a good parent has evolved greatly over the years. In today"s society, however, I believe that there are three important characteristics that indicate whether a person is a good parent or not.
The first of these traits is the capacity for love. Children must feel loved by their parents if they are going to grow into well-developed, stable adults. Children who grow up in a house filled with love are relaxed and peaceful, and do not cause trouble. These children demonstrate good social skills, and are usually well-liked by others. In contrast, it has been shown that children who grow up in unloving families are anxious and mean-spirited.
Trust is also very important for a child"s development. If a parent is always prying into a child"s privacy, the child will think he/she is doing something wrong to deserve such mistrust. This leads to the child hiding things from the parent, which therefore leads to dishonesty. Also, trust leads to independence. When children are trusted, they feel more pressure to keep that trust, and therefore act honestly. They will make wise decisions, which will allow them to grow into independent adults.
It is also of utmost importance for a parent to have a well-developed sense of responsibility. A parent must be able to be present for the child twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The parent must organize everything for a child, especially one under the age of ten. This requires careful planning and multi-tasking. If a person is ready to become a parent, they must be ready for all of these added responsibilities.
In conclusion, a good parent has a large capacity for love, is trusting, and must be very responsible. Without these key attributes, the child will suffer and grow into a dysfunctional adult. One must take the job of parenting very seriously to ensure the child"s healthy development. By harnessing the above-mentioned qualities, parents will ensure that their child will be the best they can be.
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：设立新的纪念日
托福写作难点话题一览
If you could create a new holiday, what person or event would it honor and how would you want people to celebrate it?
Holidays honor people or events. If you could create a new holiday, what person or event would it honor and how would you want people to celebrate it? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
写作思路展开结构分析
这是一个脑洞比较大的题目，大家需要注意这道题目的要求是致敬一个人物或是一个事件，那么这个人物或是事件就需要是造成了比较大影响的事件，而且必须是正面的积极的。另外大家不仅需要create一个节日，还需要想应该让人们怎么来庆祝，这两点都需要考虑到才行。
本话题高分范文赏析
Holidays are an excellent way to allow societies to honor people or events that have helped their country or the world. There are many things that deserve to be recognized in our culture, but there is one group of people that is underappreciated in society today: inventors. If I were to create a new holiday, it would be to pay respect to these important people and their creations. Inventors are members of the most unappreciated profession in society today. Without inventors, all civilizations would still be living in the stone age, with no running water, no electricity, and more generally, no comforts. Many inventors create simple objects that do not seem that amazing, but upon closer inspection, one realizes that all inventions contribute greatly to convenience. All societies should pay homage to these great people by honoring them with a holiday.
The first way we could honor inventors is by opening exhibitions in galleries and museums dedicated to the inventions of current and past inventors. Many people have no idea where the greatest inventions came from. By displaying the life work of inventors, people will gain a new appreciation for them. This would also be a learning experience for the public, as they could see what current inventors are working on, and get excited about the upcoming progresses in society.
We could also honor inventors by having a school day dedicated to inventions. It is important to encourage school-aged children to use their imagination to come up with inventions of their own. The school system is excellent in China, but it does not promote free thinking. Children need to be given the opportunity to discover new creations on their own. By having a day dedicated to this, young people would become more interested in the manufacturing of new products and ideas.
So, I believe that inventors deserve their own holiday. They have provided society with so much comfort and convenience. By honoring inventors, we will show them how much we appreciate their efforts, as well as encourage our children to come up with new ideas of their own.
托福如何得高分3
托福口语备考如何调整思路得高分?
一.题型分类和评分过程
托福口语的六道题可以分为独 立和综合两个类型(Task 1、2 为独 立题，Task 3、4 、5 、6为综合题)。在评分时，考生的答题录音会在经过数码降噪处理后被自动分为三组，分别是Task1&2，Task3&5和Task4&6，即独立任务(第一组)、校园任务(第二组)和学术任务(第三组);再由经过认证的评分人分别对考生三组任务的录音进行评测，每道题的评分等级由低到高分别用weak，limited，fair和good来标识，最后六道题的总分将被转换为0~30分的标准分，而考生三组题目的最终得分等级，也会标示在电子成绩单上(score report)。
关于评分，托福官方指南OG里面明确指出，托福口语6大任务的3项评分准则包括：delivery, language use and topic development,， 即表述、语言使用和话题展开能力，这三项考核并无优先等级，各占三分之一比重。
二.口语备考方法
1.独立口语
口语的一二题可以配合独 立写作一起练习。另外就是准备一些自己的模版。模版对于那些思路不是特别清晰、容易紧张没话说同学的托福独 立口语来说还是非常重要的。可以分析总结一下托福口语会涉及到的话题，几个大分类之间是会有重合部分的，也就是有些东西是很多个问题都可以用的。将那些写成模版背下来，将成为你自己的专属模版。而模版的写作也是要遵循总分总原则、一句中心论点、几句分论点、例子加总结。记得自己测试一下是否可以在限定时间内说(背)完。
2.综合口语
大家要知道托福口语考试真正的考察的是语言的实际使用能力，换言之就是，考生对于信息传递的能力。对比托福口语的题型当我们可以清晰的看到，独 立口语题目考生是否能迅速的表达自己的观点，综合口语题目部分就看考生能否准确接收、记录和转述信息了。
综合口语有听力和阅读进来乱掺和，很多同学一下就懵了。但是事实上，托福综合口语是最能考量学生之后的“上课能力”的项目之一。所以对于托福综合口语，要抓住重点和筛选复述的信息，语言表达要流畅清晰。综合口语的做题思路可以完全看作你的朋友让你帮忙听一节课，过后你迅速的向他传达这节课重点的过程。听课大家都会，所以要解决的问题就是听懂，毕竟只有听懂了你才能够用自己的语言转述。而转述输出可以也列一个大致的框架，把听到的内容填进空中，再在相关的地方填上自己的看法。有助于你在考场紧张时依旧能够有条理的回答。
3.整体托福口语备考建议
(1)针对举例不会
说到举例，大家都知道例子的重要性，如果没有例子，那就是大白话一篇了，美国人喜欢有论据支持你的论点，这样他才会觉得真实可信。例子一定是具体的例子，不能是泛泛的。最好有具体的事儿来说，而不是空泛的白开水话。
(2)针对语料不足
独立题的现场15秒准备，对大部分同学而言，是很恐怖的大脑断片儿的前奏。甚至包括写作的时候，想到举例都一脸茫然。所以，要保证现场高品质的输出，一定要在考前搭建自己的专属语料库，考场上的15秒准备时间，是用来将题目和你的语料库进行检索和信息匹配用的，而不是寄希望于有太多不确定性的临场发挥。所以备考阶段可以按照话题分类，每一个做一次主题展示演讲。比如说环境问题，那么我们做环境问题演讲的时候可以积累很多语料内容，而演讲也有助于我们勇敢的口语表达。
(3)备考阶段要总结
不管是哪部分的复习，一定要注意总结。把不会的不熟悉的一定要收集到一起，进行复习。同时总结答题和复习规律，并且总结自己容易错、容易失误的部分。这些是你个人独有的最贴合你自己的复习资料，相信总结后一定会有收获。
(4)学习材料
口语1、2题可以用机经来复习。还有写作185作文题库也是不错的材料。其他的可以用DELTA的口语题&TPO的听力部分&SSS作为听力理解转述部分。
6大法则让你速成托福流利口语
在托福口语的考试中，结构混乱的口语一定不能取得高分。所以，想要冲刺托福口语的高分，就一定要练就一口表述连贯、结构清晰的口语，下面我们就为大家带来托福流利口语练成的六大法则。
六招说出连贯托福口语之统一人称和时态
Your listener can get confused if you are not consistent. Look atthe following example:
My teacher brought five paper bags to school one day. He put us intogroups and gave each group a bag. You have to take the objects out of the bagsin turn and then a person has to tell a story involving the object from thebag.
The listener may get confused by the change from the past tense tothe present tense, and the change from us to you and then to a person. Thelistener might also be confused by the change from the plural form objects andbags to the singular forms object and bag.
The listener could follow this speaker"s ideas better if the speakerwere consistent. Look at the way this example can be improved:
One day my teacher put us into five different groups. He gave eachgroup a bag and told us to take turns pulling out an object and telling theother members of the group a story involving that object.
六招说出连贯托福口语之对陌生概念进行解释
In order to help your listeners understand, you may need to define aterm that you use in your response. Read the following example:
My hobby is telemark skiing.
If the speaker does not define the term and listeners do not knowwhat telemark skiing is, they might not understand the rest of the passage.Sometimes listeners can guess the meaning through the context of the passage,but sometimes they cannot. Here is the definition this speaker gave of telemarkskiing:
That means skiing using telemark skis.
Even though the speaker defined telemark skiing, listeners still maynot understand what it means because the speaker defined the term with the sameword. To effectively define aword, use a three-part definition:
1. State the word or phrase to be defined.
2. Give the category that the word or phrase fits into.
3. Tell how the word is different from other words that fit the samecategory.
Read this example of an effective definition:
Telemark is a type of alpine skiing in which the boots are connectedto the skis only at the toes, so traditional skiing techniques have to bemodified.
六招说出连贯托福口语之运用总分总结构
Your listeners will understand your talk better if you organize whatyou say in a logical sequence or linear pattern. This means that you tell thelisteners what you are going to talk about and then go through the points youwant to make. The most common pattern of organization is outlined below:
Introductory statement
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Concluding statement
An example of this pattern is shown below:
Breeding butterflies has many advantages for the collector.
1. way of obtaining specimens
2. spares can be released into the wild
3. helps survival because butterflies have been protected fromnatural predators
The experience is a learning experience for the collector and abenefit to the species.
六招说出连贯托福口语之运用平行结构
Your listener can understand the flow of your ideas better if youuse parallel structures when you speak. Read the following incorrect example:
My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivating the students.
The listener may be confused because the speaker has mixed differentgrammatical structures. Does the speaker mean my teacher gave interesting andmotivating assignments to the students"? In this sentence, interesting andmotivating are parallel adjectives. Or does the speaker mean My teacher gaveinteresting assignments and motivated the students? In this sentence, gave andmotivated are parallel verbs.
六招说出连贯托福口语之运用连接词
Connecting ideas by using transition words and phrases tells yourlisteners the relationship of one idea to the next. You can signal to yourlistener that you are going to put events in sequence, add information, or makea comparison. You can signal that you want to emphasize or clarify a point.Using transition words and phrases helps your listener follow the flow of yourideas. Read the following example without transitional expressions:
In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarifyscientific principles. Understood those principles better by doing thoseexperiments.
These sentences would flow better if the speaker used transitionalexpressions as in the following example:
In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarifyscientific principles. As a result, I understood those principles better.
六招说出连贯托福口语之同义转换
When a speaker keeps repeating a word or phrase, listeners can getconfused. Read the following example:
My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. The assignmentwas on the chalkboard until the teacher erased the assignment after we had alldone the assignment.
This speaker"s ideas would be clearer if the repeated words werereplaced with other expressions or with pronouns. Look at the way this examplecan be improved:
My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. She erased theboard after we had all completed the task.
The word assignment has been replaced with task; the word teacherwith she; and the word chalkboard with board.
托福如何得高分4
具体操作步骤如下：
第一步，将一篇优秀的托福独立习作翻译成中文。优秀的托福作文的来源可是是OG给出的4、5分的范文，也可以是市面上各种辅导书所给出的参考范文，甚至可以是老托福TWE185题的李笑来范文。这里需要注意一个细节，我们所做出来的翻译应该和原文放在一个文档以方便我们的后续检查和比较。
第二步，打开一个新的文档，将翻译好的汉语文本进行复制粘贴。这里需要注意的是最好粘贴在非word文档里。由于word具有自动改正的功能，所以很多明显的拼写语法错误会自动修正，而在真实的考场上，ETS给出的软件完全不具备类似的功能(这本来就是考试所要考查的内容)，所以，对word依赖越大，考场之上，失误的可能性就越大。
第三步，对照自己的汉语文本，将汉语翻译成英语。
第四步，将自己的英语文本与原先的范文文本进行对比，标注出自己表达与范文表达不同的地方，并进行修改批注。但是，进行到这一步，大家千万不要以为万事大吉了，确切地说这才是做好我们整个工作的准备环节，真正关键的步骤是第五步。
第五步，也是整个环节中最重要的一步，就是要静心地思考你的英文译文同范文文本的差异，学习范文文本的起承转合的技巧，学习范文文本长句短句的错落交叉，学习范文文本的精确用词--这些都是在你的文章有了思路和结构之后阻碍你得高分的重要因素。
第六步，作为选择步骤。如果前五步，特别是第五步你已经做的无可挑剔，那么这一步可以选择不做。但是如果你在前五步做完之后还有一些困惑，那么请一定要严格执行第六步，即背下这篇范文。为什么不是直接背下托福作文范文呢?因为只有通过这样一步一步地翻译，一点一点地对比，你才能知道并且是真正你自己的表达弱点在那里。这种做法看似麻烦，其实比直接背范文的有效性要高出很多。
通过这种方法，在经过20篇左右的训练之后，任何人在英语表达上都会有极大的提高。你也会惊喜地发现，曾经苦恼你很久的地道英文表达已经不再是你托福独立写作的拦路虎。所以，“工欲善其事，必利其器”，只要找准了方法，你的语言也会熠熠生辉。
托福独立写作怎样得高分 ETS提出了三方面要求
托福独立写作的结构
很多同学会认为，好的结构，就是给段落的开头加上first, second, 给结尾加上in conclusion，但这种观点并不准确。
OG中指出 “be aware that just using transition words, such as first or second does not guarantee that your essay is organized. The points you make must all relate to the topic of the essay and to the main idea you are presenting in response.”
也就是说，只用“首先”，“其次”这类词并不能够保证organization部分的得分。
想要得到高分，还需要保证unity(统一), progression(推进), and coherence(连贯)，也就是所给出的分论点能够证明总论点，并且段落中的每一句话都能够证明分论点，即文章要扣题。
关于扣题，OG中作出了进一步的解释，文章要避免冗余重复、离题和不清楚的联系。比如上面提到的“做兼职能够帮学生们减轻家庭的经济负担”的段落展开中，很多同学在写完用自己赚的买东西的内容之后，得出的结论是，“我的生活质量得到了提高”。虽然买买买确实可以提高生活质量，但这并不是主题句想要证明的内容。如果这样对段落进行展开，就属于离题。
托福独立写作的语言应用
很多同学认为托福写作要写得很高级，文中应该尽量用上托福学术词汇和长难句。
其实这是一个错误的观点。
托福独立写作评分标准最后一条关于语言运用的描述，并没有提到语言要高级。ETS对于词汇和句式另有要求。
首先，对于词汇，评分标准要求variety和appropriate word choice。
Variety要求考生做到用不同的方式表达相同的意思。例如，作文中多处想要表达“重要”，就不能每一次都用important，还要用其它近义词替换。
Appropriate word choice要求考生选词恰当。大多数同学在写作时，容易忽略所选词汇是否符合语言习惯。比如，big, huge, gigantic三个词中，gigantic相对高级，但当形容一个人眼睛很大时，显然用big eyes表达更自然。所以，大家在选词时，一定要首先保证词汇准确得当，再考虑其它。
其次，对于句式，也有多样性的要求。作文中要避免同样的句式重复太多，要能够长短句结合，各类句式灵活运用。
最后，关于语言错误，OG中指出文中可以出现小的语言错误。“小错误”，指的是不影响理解的错误。例如，偶尔出现单数三人称动词后面忘加s，并不会影响考官对作文的阅读。但如果出现类似 “Some lies are acceptable in terms of making people’s life more profusely. Not everybody has to know the truth, and it will lead them more happier not knowing it” 这样的句子，考官会读起来会很费解，那么就会造成扣分。
总而言之，想要在托福写作中取得高分，必须从文章展开，结构和语言三个方面进行提高。
托福如何得高分5
托福如何得高分?118分并非不可能
托福阅读备考
很多同学跟我说，新托福的阅读难度好大，很多单词都不认识，句子也看不懂。解决这样的问题，我们应该从最根本入手：词汇和句子结构。新托福考试的阅读部分覆盖面越来越广，题目的topic涉及到很多专业领域，如生物、地理等等;因此，我们也必须认识一些相对专业的词汇，这样可以促进我们对于文章的理解和把握，也对词汇题有巨大的好处。长难句的把握是几乎所有阅读考试的根本问题;针对此项问题，我们需要了解长难句的语法结构，扩大阅读量。推荐参考一些经典教材如《新概念英语》第四册等。
词汇和句子结构的把握提高了，从根本上说是我们的阅读能力在提高。几乎所有托福的高分得主都有很高的阅读能力。然而，这样的进步要想在短期看到效果并不容易;毕竟，阅读能力的提高是一个长期的过程，要建立在一定阅读量的基础上。所以备考托福，其实并不是一日之功，我们可以从很早就开始为提高自己的英语水平做准备，有意识地、主动地扩大自己的阅读量。
当我们的阅读能力达到一个较高的水平时，新托福考试就开始考验我们的另一个能力：考试技巧。考试技巧其实不外乎以下几个方面：迅速把握文章内容、识别题目、针对不同题目进行不同解法，以及快速排除错误选项。即便是高分得主，在潜意识里也完成了这样的过程。我们在备考期间，应该尤其重视在这些方面进行总结。另外需要特别提醒的是，我们在做题中，针对一个题目选出答案的时候，一定要在文章中找到答案的依据，切不可凭印象做题。
有同学会问，到底应该先读文章再做题目还是一上来直接做题目呢?我的个人建议是：两种方法都尝试一下，找到更适合自己的方法。上来直接就做题，可以很快接触题目，做一道是一道，心里踏实;先阅读文章后做题，可以对文章整体有一个大致的把握，开始做题后入手也快。两种方法各有利弊，不过对于后种先读文章的同学，对于阅读深度的把握需要适当，也就是指读文章的精细程度。我的个人建议是，读文章时抓住段落的主旨或主题句，留心重要的支持性论据。这样一来我们也就大致把握文章的内容而且不用精细到每一句话。同时在时间上要控制在五分钟之内，这样好为后面的题目留出时间。
关于备考材料，建议大家按照OG、官方真题Official(TOEFL Practice Online)、其他各种辅导书籍的顺序来做。ETS出的题目永远都是最具有参考价值的。
托福听力备考
正如阅读部分，听力能力的提高也是一个长期的过程。其实除了写作可以短期速成以外，提高英语能力的本身也是一个缓慢的过程。我们可以平时多听英语广播、看英文节目或看原版英文电影。很多小马过河听力老师推荐的“听写”方法，是锻炼听力能力的好办法。在做听写时，我们可以将听写的内容和出题的内容进行比较和总结。这样可以帮助我们识别听力的重要出题点，摸清ETS的出题思路。因为听力考试是在模拟美国课堂和生活的真实场景，所考察的题目也通常是讲座或者对话中重要的信息点。在练听力时，我们应该尤其重视多次重复的内容、谈话者重音强调的内容、谈话者给出的建议、谈话者对某个问题做出解释(暗示问题的重要性)、意思出现转折的地方、重要的人名等。通过不断的总结，我们对于听力内容会更有主动权。虽然真正的听力考试并不是听写，但我们可以对于需要重点注意的地方尽可能多记笔记。有可能的话，把speaker的每一句话记下来(主要是key word)来辅助回忆。
听力是熟能生巧的过程。很多同学最初接触听力感觉困难，有很大的原因是因为对于新托福考试这种听力模式很不适应。因此，考前尽量多做真题和模拟题是非常关键的。最推荐的依然是OG、官方真题Official，另外Barron的听力部分也推荐有能力的同学尝试一下：听力段落非常长，可以考验我们记笔记的能力和耐心。
托福口语备考
口语部分可能是全中国学生新托福考试中最头疼的部分。口语部分的6道小题，分别考查我们表达自己观点和重复别人观点的能力。提高口语能力的最好的途径就是：多练习!如果距离考试还有一定时间，努力去找学校里的外教或者同学聊天吧!多说永远是提高口语水平的方法。
开始备考托福后，目标就不单纯是提高口语能力了，还要尽快地适应考试。托福口语考试的时间非常紧。例如，前两道题只有15秒钟的准备时间和45秒钟的回答时间。怎么样能在45秒内完成漂亮的陈述呢?
首先，按照口语的题目，逐个练习。这里要向大家推荐一个很好用的软件：Cool Edit。练习的时候严格控制时间，把自己说的录下来，从里面找自己说的不好的地方(比如不知道说什么、说的不连贯、发音不好、语调平淡等)。针对不同的问题逐个改进，坚持不断地练下去，过一段时间你会发现：我的口语竟然提高了这么多!这是我个人非常推崇的备考办法。
另外，我们如何知道自己的语音语调是不是标准呢?我们还要听native speaker的样本。大家在网上可以搜到一个叫做《iBT托福口语考试答题方法及范例The ibt TOEFL Master Speaking》的视频文件，里面针对6道不同的题目都给了完美的native speaker的作答，极具参考价值，可以让我们真切地感触到“连贯”。另一个很好的资源是美剧。我们可以模仿经典的《老友记》中人物的发音。
最后，分享一个非常非常有用的小技巧：关于15秒钟应该怎么利用。建议大家拿到口语题目后，立刻构思出回答的要点，然后抓住15秒钟的时间提前练习，组织好自己开头的语言。这样等到真正的45秒钟开始时，我们相当于多了一次“重新说”的机会，有更大的可能性把开头表达得更完善，这个对于后来的叙述是有关键影响的。我们说：Well begin is half done. 试想大家如果开头的话就乱了阵脚，肯定很泄气。这个小办法也绝对适用于全部6道口语题。
关于准备模版的问题：口语的第一、二题考前练习时尽量覆盖全面的话题，尤其是第一题。之后的题目如果准备好了基本的答题模式，也会让我们在说的时候沉着许多。
托福写作备考
对于写作提高最快的方式就是：多练习。切忌光列提纲不练全文写作。当然如果有时间的话，针对OG上给出的大量写作题目列出提纲是很用帮助的。但是一定还要练笔(当然，考过GRE作文或者写作大牛完全可以不做任何准备上考场)。
最开始练习independent writing时，同学们往往会遇到不知如何下手的问题。因此，我们在练习的初期，可以先阅读一些新托福写作的范文、相关书籍;精读里面的文章，注意作者的文章结构和展开方式，同时积累例子和细节。这样，我们对于独立写作的套路就有了基本的了解。另外在关注文章的展开方式时，我们同样可以学习范文里的句式结构和高深的词汇。并不是鼓励大家抄袭，而是真正地掌握较高级的句子结构和较复杂的词汇，这些都会给我们的作文加分。
经过了范文学习的过程，我们就可以开始针对不同话题的文章思考自己的观点，列出提纲，寻找supporting details。这样，在做好了充分的准备后，我们就可以有准备地开始真正的练笔阶段。特别要说明的是，如果同学们没有好的模拟写作小软件，建议使用windows自带的写字板，切忌使用Microsoft Word等具有纠错功能的软件进行模拟写作。在练笔的最初阶段可以不计时间，但熟悉了写作的流程后一定要每次写作都计时，模拟真实的考试环境。
Integrated writing部分是听力和写作的结合，不需要大家发表个人观点，因此考察的是听力能力和复述的能力。在听力前的三分钟要认真阅读题目中的文字，文字中会有3个支持文字观点的论据，听力则会针对这三个观点逐个展开。对于听力部分，同样提醒大家要多做笔记，记住细节，在作文展开中体现出来。因为综合写作的模式比较固定，因此可以提前准备好模版和固定的句式。注意，一篇高分的综合写作一定有变化多样的句式，这个在我们准备模版的时候一定要体现出来。
以上就是小编为大家整理的托福118分考试经验，大家需要注意的是不是所有的高分经验都适合你，但是你可以扬长避短，从中找到适合自己的方法。最后，小编预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing.
Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior: honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun"s position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location of the new site.
Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other four chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior
(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior
(C) The use of food in studies of animal behavior
(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory
experiments.
2. Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?
(A) Selecting among choices
(B) Anticipating events to come
(C) Remembering past experiences
(D) Communicating emotions
3. What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?
(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site
(B) To communicate the location of food
(C) To increase the speed of travel to food sources
(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available
4. The word yet in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) however
(B) since
(C) generally
(D) so far
5. What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?
(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists thought.
(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists expected.
(C) The bees were able to determine in advance where scientists would place their food.
(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance activity.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to
(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability
(B) vary among individuals within a species
(C) be related to food consumption
(D) correspond to levels of activity
7. Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?
(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals
(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species
(C) To illustrate how otters are using objects as tools
(D) To demonstrate why mother chimpanzees show their young how to use tools
8. The word rudimentary in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) superior
(B) original
(C) basic
(D) technical
9. It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 20-22)
that young chimpanzees have difficulty
(A) communicating with their mothers
(B) adding quantities
(C) making choices
(D) opening hard nuts
10. The phrase the one in line 24-25 refers to the
(A) study
(B) pair
(C) chimpanzee
(D) ability
11. Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips that
chimpanzees
(A) lack abilities that other primates have
(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups
(C) exhibit behavior that indicates certain mathematical abilities
(D) have difficulty selecting when given choices
PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C
托福阅读真题原题+题目
A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.
North Americans are familiar with the many person-on-the-street interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.
In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.
There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject"s underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The history of surveys in North America
(B) The principles of conducting surveys
(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys
(D) The importance of polls in American political life
2. The word they in line 8 refers to
(A) North Americans
(B) news shows
(C) interviews
(D) opinions
3. According to the passage , the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is that
they
(A) are not based on a representative sampling
(B) are used only on television
(C) are not carefully worded
(D) reflect political opinions
4. The word precise in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) planned
(B) rational
(C) required
(D) accurate
5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?
(A) A high number of respondents
(B) Carefully worded questions
(C) An interviewer"s ability to measure respondents" feelings
(D) A sociologist who is able to interpret the results
6. The word exercise in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) utilize
(B) consider
(C) design
(D) defend
7. The word elicit in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) compose
(B) rule out
(C) predict
(D) bring out
8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustrated
with questionnaires is that
(A) respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires
(B) questionnaires are often difficult to read
(C) questionnaires are expensive and difficult to distribute
(D) respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions
9. According to the passage , one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that live
interviews
(A) cost less
(B) can produce more information
(C) are easier to interpret
(D) minimize the influence of the researcher
10. The word probe in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) explore
(B) influence
(C) analyze
(D) apply
11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Survey (line 1)
(B) Public opinion (line 8)
(C) Representative sampling (line 13)
(D) Response rate (line 24)
PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A
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